Class 10 || Geography || Manufacturing Industries || NCERT Solutions

 

Solve the puzzle

1. Textiles, sugar, vegetable oil and plantation industries deriving raw materials from agriculture are called _______
   Answer: AGRO-BASED
   
   
2. The basic raw material for sugar industry.
   Answer: SUGAR CANE
   
   
3. This fiber is also known as the ‘ Golden Fiber.
   Answer: JUTE
   
   
4. Iron-ore, coking coal, and limestone are the chief raw materials of this industry.
   Answer: IRON STEEL
   
   
5. A public sector steel plant located in Chhattisgarh.
   Answer: BHILAI
   
   
6. Railway diesel engines are manufactured in Uttar Pradesh at this place.
   Answer: VARANASI

Answer the following questions:

Question 1: Which of the following industries use limestone as raw material?

1. Aluminum
2. Cement
3. Sugar
4. Jute

Answer: (b) Cement

Question 2: Which one of the following agencies markets steel for the public sector plants?

1. HAIL
2. SAIL
3. TATA Steel
4. MNCC

Answer: (b) SAIL

Question 3: Which one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material?

1. Aluminum
2. Cement
3. Jute
4. Steel

Answer: (a) Aluminum

Question 4: Which one of the following industries manufactures telephones, computer, etc.

1. Steel
2. Aluminium
3. Electronic
4. Information Technology

Answer: (c) Electronic

Question 5: What is manufacturing ?

Answer: Production of goods in large quantities after processing the raw materials into more valuable products is called manufacturing.

Question 6: Name any three physical factors for the location of the industry.

Answer: Three physical factors which affect the industrial location are as follows:

• Availability of raw materials
• Availability of water
• Availability of infrastructure

Question 7: Name any three human factors for the location of an industry.

Answer: Three human factors which affect the industrial location are as follows:

• Labor
• Capital
• Market

Question 8: What are basic industries? Give an example.

Answer: The basic industries supply their products or raw materials to manufacture other goods, e.g. iron and steel, copper smelting, aluminum smelting.

Question 9: Name the important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement ?

Answer: Limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum

Question 10: How are integrated steel plants different from mini steel plants? What problems does the industry face? What recent developments have led to a rise in the production capacity ?

Answer: An integrated steel plant does all the activities involved in the value chain of steel manufacturing. Such plant begins from making steel from iron ore and end up in making steel products which are needed by the industry. Mini steel plants, on the other hand, buy finished steel from larger plants and produce various goods from that; like utensils, tools, etc.

Question 11: How do industries pollute the environment ?

Answer: Industries mainly pollute the air and water. Factories emit smoke which contains harmful gases. These gases cause air pollution. Factories produce effluents and release them into rivers and pond. Thus, water pollution is cause by factories. Many factories; like thermal power plant; also cause thermal pollution of water by releasing hot water into rivers and ponds. Additionally, factories also play a major role in soil pollution.

Question 12: Discuss the steps to be taken to minimize environmental degradation by industry ?

Answer: Preventing Environmental Degradation by Industry:

• Water should be reused and recycled in the industry. This will help in minimizing the use of freshwater.
• Rainwater harvesting should be promoted.
• Hot water and effluents should be treated before being released in rivers and ponds.
• Chimneys should be fitted with electrostatic precipitators to prevent release of suspended particulate matters.

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Class 10 || Geography || Minerals and Energy Resources || NCERT Solutions

 

Question 1: Distinguish between the following in not more than 30 words.

1. Ferrous and non-ferrous minerals
   Answer: Metallic minerals which contain iron are called ferrous minerals, e.g. iron ore, manganese, nickel, cobalt, etc. On the other hand, metallic minerals which do not contain iron are called non-ferrous minerals, e.g. copper, bauxite, tin, etc.
   
   
2. Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy
   Answer: Sources of energy which have been in use since a long time are called conventional sources of energy, e.g. coal, firewood, petroleum, hydel energy, etc. Sources of energy which have come into use recently are called non-conventional sources of energy, e.g. solar energy, wind energy, nuclear energy, etc.

Question 2: Which one of the following minerals is formed by decomposition of rocks, leaving a residual mass of weathered material ?

1. Coal
2. Bauxite
3. Gold
4. Zinc

Answer: (b) Bauxite<

Question 3: Koderma, in Jharkhand is the leading producer of which one of the following minerals ?

1. Bauxite
2. Mica
3. Iron ore
4. Copper

Answer: (b) Mica

Question 4: Minerals are deposited and accumulated in the stratas of which of the following rocks ?

1. Sedimentary rocks
2. Igneous rocks
3. Metamorphic rocks
4. None of the above

Answer: (a) Sedimentary rocks

Question 5: Which one of the following minerals is contained in the Monazite sand ?

1. Oil
2. Uranium
3. Thorium
4. Coal

Answer: (c) Thorium

Question 6: What is a mineral ?

Answer: A homogenous, naturally occurring substance with definable internal structure is called mineral.

Question 7: How are minerals formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks ?

Answer: In igneous and metamorphic rocks: The smaller occurrences are called veins and the larger occurrences are called lodes. They are usually formed when minerals in liquid/molten and gaseous forms are forced upwards through cavities towards the earth’s surface. Examples: tin, copper, zinc, lead, etc.

Question 8: Why do we need to conserve mineral resources ?

Answer: It takes millions of years for the formation of minerals. Compared to the present rate of consumption, the replenishment rate of minerals is very slow. Hence, mineral resources are finite and non-renewable. Due to this, it is important that we conserve the mineral resources.

Question 9: Describe the distribution of coal in India.

Answer: In India, coal occurs in rock series of two main geological ages. The Gondwana coal was formed over 200 million years ago. The tertiary deposits are about 55 million years old. The major sources of Gondwana coal are located in the Damodar valley (West Bengal-Jharkhan). In this belt, Jharia, Raniganj and Bokaro are important coalfields. Coal deposits are also present in the Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys. Tertiary coal is found in the north-eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.

Question 10: Why do you think that solar energy has a bright future in India ?

Answer: Solar energy holds great promises for the future. It can help in minimizing the dependence on firewood and animal dung cakes in rural areas. This will also help in conservation of fossil fuels.

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Class 10 || Geography || Agriculture || NCERT Solutions

 

Question 1: Enlist the various institutional reform programmes introduced by the government in the interest of farmers.

Answer: Some of them are:

• Green Revolution
• White Revolution
• Land Reform

Answer the following questions

Question 2: Which one of the following describes a system of agriculture where a single crop is grown on a large area?

1. Shifting Agriculture
2. Plantation Agriculture
3. Horticulture
4. Intensive Agriculture

Answer: (b) Plantation agriculture

Question 3: Which one of the following is a rabi crop?

1. Rice
2. Millets
3. Gram
4. Cotton

Answer: (c) Gram

Question 4: Which one of the following is a leguminous crop?

1. Pulses
2. Millets
3. Jowar
4. Sesamum

Answer: (a) Pulses

Question 5: Which one of the following is announced by the government in support of a crop ?

1. Maximum support price
2. Minimum support price
3. Moderate support price
4. Influential support price

Answer: (b) Minimum support price

Question 6: Name one important beverage crop and specify the geographical conditions required for its growth.

Answer: Tea: It requires deep and well drained soil. The Soil should be rich in humus and organic matter. Moderately hot and humid climate is required.

Question 7: Name one staple crop of India and the regions where it is produced.

Answer: Rice: Tamil Nadu, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam, Orissa, etc.

Question 8: The land under cultivation has got reduced day by day. Can you imagine its consequences ?

Answer: Less land for cultivation can result in less food production. It can lead to stage when there would be shortage of food grains. It can be a dangerous situation because food is the basic need. Food shortage can have wider implications on the overall economy.

Question 9: Suggest the initiative taken by the government to ensure the increase in agricultural production.

Answer: Land reform should be implemented in all parts of the country. Scientists in agricultural universities should produce HYV seeds for most of the crops. Proper infrastructure like canals, roads and cold storage should be developed in rural areas. Real time data on weather should be made available through mobile phones.

Question 10: Describe the impact of globalization on Indian agriculture.

Answer: Indian farmers are now facing more challenges because of globalization. Many developed countries provide various subsidies to their farmers. India has reduced import duties on various items because it is one of the signatories of WTO. This has increased competition from international agricultural products.

Question 11: Describe the geographical conditions required for the growth of rice.

Answer: Rice requires high temperature (above 25°C), high humidity and annual rainfall above 100 cm. However, it can be grown with the help of suitable irrigation in areas of less rainfall. Rice is grown in the northern plains, northeast India, coastal areas and deltaic regions.

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Class 10 || Geography || Forest and Wildlife Resources || NCERT Solutions

 

Answer the following questions

Question 1 : Which of these statements is not a valid reason for the depletion of flora and fauna?

1. Agricultural expansion
2. Large scale developmental projects
3. Grazing and fuel wood collection
4. Rapid industrialisation and urbanisation

Answer: (c) Grazing and fuel wood collection

Question 2 : Which of the following conservation strategies do not directly involve community participation?

1. Joint forest management
2. Chipko Movement
3. Beej Bachao Andolan
4. Demarcation of Wildlife sanctuaries

Answer: (d) Demarcation of Wildlife sanctuaries

Question 3 : What is biodiversity? Why is biodiversity important for human lives?

Answer: The variety of flora and fauna in a given geographical area is called biodiversity of that area. Each species on this earth lives in a system of interdependencies on various biotic and abiotic factors. Human beings also depend on several biotic and abiotic factors for their survival. We may be directly taking some resources from certain species, but we indirectly depend on many other species. Hence, biodiversity is important for human lives.

Question 4 : How have human activities affected the depletion of flora and fauna? Explain.

Answer: Various human activities have resulted in a decline of forest cover. Vast tracts of forest had been cleared to make way for farmland and for making new houses, factories and infrastructure. Mining is another human activity which has destroyed forest in a vast area. Thus, human activities have resulted in significant depletion of flora and fauna.

Question 5 : Describe how communities have conserved and protected forests and wildlife in India?

Answer: Many local communities have recognized the significance of conservation for their long term survival. Local communities are contributing significantly in conservation at many places. For example; the Bishnois of Rajasthan protect black buck, chinkara and peacocks quite zealously. Nature worship is an age old tradition of many tribes. By doing so, they help in conservation of forest. Chipko movement is another example of community initiative in conservation. Joint Forest Management has been practiced in Orissa since 1988 and has bore fruits for conservation.

Question 6 : Write a note on good practices towards conserving forest and wildlife.

Answer: All the good practices towards conservation of forest and wildlife should include an active participation from all the stakeholders. Government agencies, local inhabitants, industrialists and wildlife enthusiasts are the important stakeholders in forest management. The government should formulate rules and regulations and provide system and machinery to implement conservation programmes. The local inhabitants should always be included in the conservation programme, because their survival depends on it. Industrialists and wildlife enthusiasts should also be taken under the fold of conservation programmes. A coordinated effort by all the stakeholders will give better results.

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Class 10 || Geography || Water Resources || NCERT Solutions

 

Question 1: Based on the information given below classify each of the situations as ‘suffering from water scarcity’ or ‘not suffering from water scarcity’.

1. Region with high annual rainfall.
2. Region having high annual rainfall and large population.
3. Region having high annual rainfall but water is highly polluted.
4. Region having low rainfall and low population.

Answer: (1) Not suffering from water scarcity (2) Not suffering from water scarcity (3) Suffering from water scarcity (4) Suffering from water scarcity

Question 2: Which one of the following statements is not an argument in favour of multipurpose river projects?

1. Multi-purpose projects bring water to those areas which suffer from water scarcity.
2. Multi-purpose projects by regulating water flow helps to control floods.
3. Multi-purpose projects lead to large scale displacements and loss of livelihood.
4. Multi-purpose projects generate electricity for our industries and our homes.

Answer: (c) Multi-purpose projects lead to large scale displacements and loss of livelihood

Question 3: Here are some false statements. Identify the mistakes and rewrite them correctly.

1. Multiplying urban centers with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have helped in proper utilization of water resources.
   Answer: Multiplying urban centers with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have resulted in overexploitation of water resources.
   
   
2. Regulating and damming of rivers does not affect the river’s natural flow and its sediment flow.
   Answer: Regulating and damming of rivers affect the river’s natural flow and its sediment flow.
   
   
3. In Gujarat, the Sabarmati basin farmers were not agitated when higher priority was given to water supply in urban areas, particularly during droughts.
   Answer: In Gujarat, the Sabarmati basin farmers were agitated when higher priority was given to water supply in urban areas, particularly during droughts.
   
   
4. Today in Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop rainwater harvesting has gained popularity despite high water availability due to the Rajasthan Canal.
   Answer: Today in Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop rainwater harvesting has declined in popularity because of high water availability due to the Rajasthan Canal.

Question 4: Explain how water becomes a renewable resource.

Answer: Water keeps on circulating in nature through various states of matter; in the form of liquid water, vapor and ice. Due to this, the water which disappears because of evaporation comes back in the form of rains. Thus, water becomes a renewable resource.

Question 5: What is water scarcity and what are its main causes?

Answer: Shortage of water for a sustained period is called water scarcity. Growing population, overexploitation and unequal distribution of water among social groups are the main causes of water scarcity.

Question 6: Compare the advantages and disadvantages of multi-purpose river projects.

Answer: Advantages of multi-purpose projects: They help in flood control. They help in supplying water to water deficient area. They help in better supply of drinking water. They also help in electricity generation.

Disadvantages of multi-purpose projects: Construction of a large dam results in large scale displacement of people. It affects the livelihood of the displaced. Vast tracts of land is inundated in the catchment area which leads to large scale environmental consequences.

Question 7: Discuss how rainwater harvesting in semi-arid regions of Rajasthan is carried out.

Answer: In Rajasthan, people traditionally built tankas in the basements. Rainwater from rooftop was collected in the tankas. The water was stored so that it could be used during lean seasons. At some places, baolis were made to store rainwater.

Question 8: Describe how modern adaptations of traditional rainwater harvesting methods are being carried out to conserve and store water.

Answer: In modern homes rooftop rainwater is becoming more popular. Drains from rooftop are channelized to underground tank. The water is filtered and purified and then stored for later use. The water thus collected can also be channelized to recharge groundwater.

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Class 10 || Geography || Resources and Development || NCERT Solutions

 

Question 1: Explain land use pattern in India and why has the land under forest not increased much since 1960-61?

Answer: About 45% of land is used as net sown area, i.e. for farming. About 22% of the land is under forest and the rest of the land is used for various purposes; like housing, recreation and industrial activities. Increasing population and subsequent increase in demand for resources is the main reason that forested land has not increased much during this period.

Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 2: Which one of the following type of resource is iron ore?

1. Renewable
2. Flow
3. Biotic
4. Non-renewable

Answer: (d) Non-renewable

Question 3: Under which of the following type of resource can tidal energy be put?

1. Replenish able
2. Abiotic
3. Human-made
4. Non-recyclable

Answer: (a) Replenish able

Question 4: Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab?

1. Intensive cultivation
2. Over irrigation
3. Deforestation
4. Overgrazing

Answer: (b) Over irrigation

Question 5: In which one of the following states is terrace cultivation practiced?

1. Punjab
2. Haryana
3. Plains of Uttar Pradesh
4. Uttarakhand

Answer: (d) Uttarakhand

Question 6: In which of the following states is black soil found?

1. Jammu and Kashmir
2. Rajasthan
3. Gujarat
4. Jharkhand

Answer: (c) Gujarat

Answer the following questions:

Question 7: Name three states having black soil and the crop which is mainly grown in it.

Answer: Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh are some states where black soil is found and cotton is the main crop grown on black soil.

Question 8: What type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast? Give three main features of this type of soil.

Answer: Alluvial soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast. Alluvial soil is rich in potash, phosphoric acid and lime. It has a high water retention capacity and it is highly fertile soil.

Question 9: What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly areas?

Answer: Terrace farming and shelter belt plantation can be done to prevent soil erosion in hilly areas.

Question 10: What are the biotic and abiotic resources? Give some examples.

Answer: Biotic Resources – All living organisms in our environment are called biotic resources. For example, trees, animals, insects, etc.

Abiotic Resources – All non-living things present in our environment are termed as abiotic resources. For example – earth, air, water, metals, rocks, etc.

Question 11: How have technical and economic development led to more consumption of resources?

Answer: Economic development creates demand for various resources and technical development gives the knowhow to exploit those resources. Thus, technical and economic development; together lead to more consumption of resources.

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